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Within them cypresses are wont to cluster, and plane-trees will- ingly cast their giant shadow. Gravestones also con- gregate there. And there a centre of hfe is which can never lack interest for the race of men that likes Stam- boul.

Scribes sit under the trees ready to write let- women, and others of the less literate ters for soldiers, sort. Barbers, distinguishable by a brass plate with a nick in it for your chin, are ready to exercise another art upon your person.

Pedlers come and go, selling beads, perfumes, fezzes, and sweets which they carry on their heads in big wooden trays, and drinks which may tempt you less than their brass receptacles. A more stable commerce is visible in some mosque yards, or on the day of the week when a peripatetic market elects to pitch its tents there; and coffee-houses, of course, abound. Not that there are coffee-houses in every mosque yard.

And mosque yard it is, grove- a perfect like with trees and looked upon by a great portico of the time of the Conqueror. There is something both grave and human about mosque yards and coffee-houses both that excellently suits them to each other. The company has an ecclesiastical tinge. Turbans bob much together and the neighbour- ing fountains of ablution play a part in the scene. I bear witness that Mohammed is the Prophet of God!

Hasten to the worship of God! Hasten to permanent blessedness! God is most great! There may be more reverence, per- haps, but people evidently feel very much at home. Men meet there out of prayer time, and women too, for what looks like, though it may not always be, a sacra con- versazione of the painters. Students con over their Koran, rocking to and fro on a cushion in front of a little inlaid table.

Solitary devotees prostrate themselves in a cor- ner, untroubled by children playing among the pillars or a turbaned professor lecturing, cross-legged, to a cross- legged class in theology. The galleries of some mosques are safety-deposit vaults for their parishioners, and when the parish burns down the parishioners deposit them- selves there too. After the greater conflagration of the Balkan War thousands of homeless refugees from Thrace and Macedonia camped out for months in the mosques of Stamboul.

Even the pigeons that haunt so many mosque yards know that the doors are always open, and are scarcely to be persuaded from taking up their per- manent abode on tiled cornices or among the marble stalactites of capitals. One thing that makes a mosque look more hospitable than a church is its arrangement. There are no seats or aisles to cut up the floor. The general impression is that of a private interior magnified and dignified. The central object of this open space is the mihrab, a niche pointing toward Mecca.

It is usually set in an apse which is raised a step above the level of the nave. In it is a prayer-rug for the imam, and on each side, in a brass or silver stand- ard, an immense candle, which is lighted only on the seven holy nights of the year and during Ramazan.

At the right of the mihrab, as you face it, stands the mimber, a sort of pulpit, at the top of a stairway and covered by a pointed canopy, which is used only for the noon prayer of Friday or on other special occasions.

To the left, and nearer the door, is a smaller pulpit called the kiirsi. This is a big cushioned armchair or throne, reached by a short ladder, where the imam sits to speak on ordinary occasions. There will also be one or more galleries for singers, and in larger mosques, usually at the mihrab end of the left-hand gallery, an imperial trib- une enclosed by grille work and containing its own sacred niche. The chandeliers are a noticeable feature of every mosque, hanging very low and containing not candles but glass cups of oil with a floating wick.

I am afraid, however, that this soft light will be presently turned into electricity. From the chandeliers often hang ostrich eggs — emblems of eternity — and other homely orna- ments. The place of the mosque in the Turkish community is symbolised, like that of the mediaeval cathedral, by its architectural pre-eminence. Mark, however, that Stam- boul has half a dozen cathedrals instead of one.

It would be hard to overestimate how much of the character of Stamboul depends on the domes and minarets that so inimitably accident the heights between the Golden Horn and the Marmora. They form an achieve- ment, to my mind, much greater than the world at large seems to reahse. The easy current dictum that they are Entrance to the forecourt of Sultan Baiezid II merely more or less successful imitations of St. Sophia takes no account of the evolution— particularly of the central dome — which may be traced through the mosques of Konia, Broussa, and Adrianople, and which reaches its legitimate climax in Stamboul.

Yet it would be a Detail of the Siileimanieh mistake to look for all Turkish architecture in Sinan. The mosques of Atik Ali Pasha and of Sultan Baiezid II are there to prove of what mingled simplicity and nobility was capable an obscure architect of an earlier century. His name is supposed to have been Haireddin, and he, first among the Turks, used the monoHthic shaft and the stalactite capital. Nothing could be better in its way than the forecourt of that mosque, and its inlaid min- arets are unique of their kind.

Nor did architecture die with Sinan. Yeni Jami, looking at Galata along the outer bridge, is witness thereof. The pile of the Siilei- manieh, whose four minarets catch your eye from so many points of the compass, is perhaps more masculine. But the silhouette of Yeni Jami, that mosque of prin- cesses, has an inimitable grace. The way in which each structural necessity adds to the general effect, the cli- mactic building up of buttress and cupola, the curve of the dome, the proportion of the minarets, could hardly be more perfect.

Although brought up in the vociferous tradition of Ruskin, I am so far unfaithful to the creed of my youth as to find pleasure, too, in rococo mosques like Zeineb Sultan, Nouri Osmanieh, and Laleli Jami. And the present generation, under men like Vedad Bey and the architects of the EvkaJ, are reviving their art in a new and interesting direction.

To give any comprehensive account of the mosques of Stamboul would be to write a history of Ottoman archi- tecture, and for that I lack both space and competence.

I may, however, as an irresponsible lounger in mosque yards, touch on one or two characteristic aspects of mosques and their decorationwhich strike a foreigner's eye. The frescoing or stencilling of domes and other curved interior surfaces, for instance, is an art that has very little been noticed —even by the Turks, judging from the sad estate to which the art has fallen.

Some people might object to calling it an art at all. Let such a one be given a series of domes and vaults to ornament by this simple means, however, and he will find how difficult it is to produce an effect both decorative and dignified.

If I were a true behever I could never pray in mosques like Ahmed I or Yeni Jami, because the decorator evidently noticed that the prevailing tone of the tiles was blue and dipped his brush accordingly — into a blue of a different key. Yet there are domes which prove how fine an art the Turks once made of this half-mechanical decoration. One of the best in Stamboul is in the tomb of the princes, behind the Shah-zadeh mosque.

The stencilling is a charming ara- besque design in black, dark red, pale blue, and orange, perhaps happily toned by time, which a recent restora- tion was wise enough to spare.

The tomb of Roxelana and the great tomb beside Yeni Jami also contain a Httle interesting stencilling. But the most complete example of good work of this kind is outside Stamboul, in the Yeni VaHdeh mosque of Scutari. The means used are of the simplest, the colours being merely black and dull red, with a little dull yellow; but the lines are so fine and so sapiently spaced on their broad background of white that the eff"ect is very much that of a Persian shawl.

A study of that ceiling should be made compulsory for every decorator of a mosque —and might yield sugges- tions not a few to his Western cousin. The windows of mosques are another detail that always interests me. They are rarely very large, but there are a great many of them and they give no dim religious light, making up a great part as they do of the human sunniness of the interior.

A first tier of square. These make against the hght a grille of round, oval, or drop-shaped openings which are wonderfully decorative in themselves. The same principle is refined and compHcated into a result more decorative still when the plaster setting forms a complete design of arabesques, flowers, or writing, some- times framing symmetrically spaced circles or quad- rangles, sometimes composing an all-over pattern, and filled in with minute panes of coloured glass.

Here, however, we have the real principle of the Oriental rug. Turkish windows contain no figures at all, nor any of that unhappy attempt at reahsm that mars so much modern glass. The secret of the effect Hes in the smallness of the panes used and the visibiHty of the plaster design in which they are set. And what an effect of jewelry may be produced in this way is to be seen in the Siileimanieh, and Yeni Jami — where two shm cypresses make dehcious panels of green Hght above the mihrab — besides other mosques and tombs of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.

Mosques are even more notable than private houses for the inscriptions on their walls. Every visitor to St. Sophia remembers the great green medallions bear- ing the names of the chief personages of Islam in letters of gold.

In purely Turkish mosques similar medallions may be seen, or large inscriptions stencilled like panels on the white walls, or small texts hanging near the floor. But there is a more architectural use of writing, above doors and windows or in the form of a frieze. Such in- scriptions are always from the Koran, of course, and they are often happily chosen for the place they oc- cupy. Around the great dome of the Siileimanieh, and lighted by its circle of windows, runs this verse: "God is the light of the heavens and of the earth.

His light is like a window in the wall, wherein a lamp burns, cov- ered with glass. The glass shines like a star. The lamp is kindled from the oil of a blessed tree not of the east, : not of the west, it lights whom he wills. Stamboul, indeed, is a museum of tiles that has never been adequately explored.

Nor, in general, is very much known about Turkish ceramics. I suppose nothing definite will be known till the Turks themselves, or some one who can read their language, takes the trouble to look up the records of mosques and other public buildings.

The splendid tiles of Suleiman's period have sometimes been attributed a Persian and sometimes a Rhodian origin — for they have many simi- larities with the famous Rhodian plates.

The Turks themselves generally suppose that their tiles came from Kiitahya, where a factory still produces work of an in- ferior kind. The truth lies between these various the- ories. That any number of the tiles of Constantinople came from Persia is impossible. So many of them could not have been safely brought so far overland, and it is inconceivable that they would have fitted into their places as they do, or that any number of buildings would have been erected to fit their tiles.

The Rhodian theory is equally improbable, partly for similar reasons though chiefly because the legend of Rhodes is all but exploded. Many of them probably came from different parts of Asia Minor. That tiles were pro- duced in Asia Minor long before the capture of Con- stantinople we know from the monuments of Broussa, Konia, and other places. They were quite a different kind of tile, to be sure, of only one colour or con- taining a simple arabesque design, which was varied by a sort of tile mosaic.

Many of them, too, were six- sided. The only examples of these older tiles in Con- stantinople are to be seen at the Chinili Kyoshk of the imperial museum — the Tile Pavilion — and the tomb of Mahmoud Pasha. It is a notorious fact, however, that the sultans who fought against the Persians brought back craftsmen of all kinds from that country and set- tled them in different parts of the empire.

Selim I, for instance, when he captured Tabriz, imported the best tile makers of that city, as well as from Ardebil and Kashan — whence one of the words for tiles, kyashi — and settled them in Isnik. This is the city which under an older name had already produced the historian Dion Cassius and the Nicene Creed.

Other factories are known to have existed in Kastambol, Konia, Nico- media, and Constantinople itself. One is supposed to have been in Eyoub, though no trace of it remains to- day unless in the potteries of Chomlekjiler. Another, I have been told, flourished at Balat. A colony of glass-blowers there are the last remnant to-day of the tile makers of two hundred years ago.

For the imperial mosques are monuments of victory, built and endowed out of the spoils of. After the martial period of the empire came to an end with Sii- leiman I only one mosque of importance, that of Ahmed I, was built by a reigning sultan in his own name.

But the tiles of the imperial factories, after many fires and much thieving, still make up what is most brilliant and most durable in the colour of Stamboul. The best tiles are Nicene of the sixteenth century, that extraordinary cinque-cento, when so many of the best things of the world were produced. They are distinguished by the transparent white glaze of their background, on which are drawn tulips, carnations,- wild hyacinths, and a cer- tain long bent serrated leaf common to the Rhodian plate.

The chief colours are a dark and a turquoise blue and a tomato red, green and yellow occurring more rarely. And they are never quite smooth, the red in particular usually being in slight reKef. This gives them a variety which is absent from many modern tiles. The feeling for variety, in fact, was one great secret of Turkish tile making and tile setting. Sinan, for in- stance, used tiles very sparingly in his larger buildings.

He was little on ornament great enough to depend very for his effect, and he knew that tiles would look like paper or Hnoleum — if such things existed in his day! But he had a perfect tact of using this tapestry wherever he wanted a touch of colour or distinction — over a window, along a cornice, around a mihrab.

His masterpiece in this decoration is the mosque of Rustem Pasha, son-in-law and Grand Vizier to Siilei- man the Magnificent. The mosque is small enough for the effect of the tilesto — and tell to be almost ruined by the fearful modern frescoes of the vaulting.

The guides of Pera have a favourite legend to the effect that Riistem Pasha brought back these tiles from his wars in Persia and built a mos- que for them to save giving them up to his imperial master. But no one need be an expert to see the impossibility of any such story. The tiles must have been designed for the walls which they incrust, and by a supreme master of deco- ration. I should not be surprised to learn that Sinan himself drew them all. There is a tall narrow panel on either side of the mosque, between two windows, which seems to me one of the most perfect ways imaginable of filling such a space.

So are the spandrels of the arches supporting the gallery, and the niche of the mihrab, and the back of the mimber. All through the Tile panel in Riistem Pasha mosque, however, the way in which the artist has varied his designs and colours, while never losing his unity of effect, is a piece of genius. Narrow spaces and points of special interest are treated each in its own way; but unbroken surfaces of wall are never allowed to become monotonous by covering them with only one form of tile.

Even within one of these The mihrab of Riistem Pasha spaces monotony is avoided by the fact that the tiles are almost never of a repeating pattern. Two or four tiles are required to make up the scheme. They prove the wisdom of Sinan in not attempting to tile a large interior. Still, the gallery of Sultan Ahmed also proves that the archi- tect was not altogether ignorant of what he was about. The lower series is the finer. Five panels to the right balance five panels to the left of a spindle-shaped Persian design.

Then come two magnificent panels of larger spindles against a thicket of peach-blossoms or Judas blos- soms, red with small blue centres, followed by two more cypresses. Five panels of the upper series, one of them forming the axis, are latticed again with blossoming sprays.

In this case there is no spindle to hide the greater part of the flowers, which are blue with smafl red centres. The tiles are very nearly if not quite as good as those of the preceding century, and they make a wall more splendid than exists outside the old Seragho.

Yeni Jami is better suited for tihng, being compara- tively a smaller mosque. Its proportions are also much better and the frescoing isnot so bad as that of Sultan Ahmed.

The tiles themselves are not so interesting. But attached to the mosque, and giving entrance to the imperial tribune, is a suite of rooms which are also tiled. This imperial apartment is carried across the street on a great pointed arch, and is reached from out- side by a covered incHned way which enabled the Sultan to ride directly up to the level of his gallery.

At the same level is also a Httle garden, held up by a massive retaining wall, and a balcony with a rail of perforated marble once gave a magnificent view over the harbour. The view has since been cut off by shops, and the apart- ment itself has fallen into a sad state of neglect or has been subjected to unfortunate restorations. A later and more intelligent restoration has brought to fight, under a vandal coat of brown paint, the old gilding of the wood- work. Among them are charming cypresses and peach-trees.

There are also re- mains of lovely old windows, to say nothing of tall hooded fireplaces and doors incrusted with tortoise- shell and mother-of-pearl. The tiles are palpably of a poorer period than those I have described. But there is a great attractiveness about this quaint apartment, that only adds to the general distinction of Yeni Jami.

The original founder of the mosque, as I have said, was the favourite wife of Ahmed I. This princess is one of the most famous women in Turkish chronicles. Whether she was a Greek or a Turk, history does not confirm, though the custom of the sultans to marry none but slaves would point to the former origin. Her name in the Seragho was Mahpeiker — Moon Face. She is oftenest remembered, however, by the name Kyossem, Leader of a Flock, from the fact that she was the first of a troop of slaves presented to the young sultan.

During his reign she gained an increasing voice in the affairs of the empire, and during those of her sons Mourad IV and Ibrahim her word was law.

The position of empress mother is an exceptional one in Turkey, as in China, the occupant of it being the first lady in the palace and the land. She is known as the valideh soultan, or princess mother — for the word sultan properly has no sex. Our word sultana does not exist in Turkish, being a Greek or Italian invention. The reigning sultan prefixes the title to his own name, while other persons of his blood put it after theirs.

When the grandson of Kyossem, the boy Mehmed IV, came to the throne, the great valideh con- tinued, against all precedent, to inhabit the Seraglio and to exercise her old influence. Her mosque, still unfinished, suffered by a which ravaged fire the quarter; and it was finally completed by her young rival, a Russian named Tar'han, or Hadijeh.

After the latter the mosque is called to-day the yeni valideh soultaji jamisi, the mosque of the new empress mother. In com- mon parlance, however, it goes by the name of yeni jami, the new mosque — though it has had time to become fairly venerable. And she who became the new valideh now occupies in the place of honour under the dome of thetomb beside the mosque, while the murdered Kyossem rests near her husband in their little marble house on the Hippodrome. The tombs that accompany mosques are only less interesting than the mosques themselves, both for their architectural character and for their historical associa- tions.

When space permits they he in an inner enclosure of the mosque yard, technically called the garden, behind the mosque. Long before Constantinople became their capital the sultans had perfected a type of mausoleum, or tiirbeh.

This is a domed structure, usually octagonal in shape, cheerfully lighted by two or three tiers of win- dows. Every tomb has its own guardian, called the turbedar, and some are attached to a school or other philanthropic institution. These mausoleums are often extremely elaborate in decoration, but they all retain a certain primitive simphcity with regard to their central feature. There is no sarcophagus of marble or porphyry.

The occupant is buried in the floor, and over of the tiirbeh his grave stands a plain wooden catafalque covered with green cloth. Like a Turkish coffin, it is ridged and in- cHned from the head, where a wooden standard supports the turban of the deceased. Embroideries, of gold on velvet, or of quotations from the Koran in a zigzag pattern, may cover the green cloth.

Such embroideries are often a piece of a last year's hang- ing from the Kaaba at Mecca or from the Prophet's tomb at Medina. But nothing is imposing about the The tomb of Sultan Ahmed I catafalque unless its size, which indicates the importance of the person commemorated. And is the around the catafalque is all that suggests perma- rail nence, and that is generally of wood inlaid with mother-of- pearl. The simple epitaph is written on a placard which hangs casually from the rail, or perhaps from an immense candle to be hghted on holy nights.

Near'by may be an inlaid folding stand with an illuminated Koran. The tombs attached to the imperial mosques are naturally the most important. Not every sultan built his own, however. In the tilrbeh of Ahmed I two other sultans are buried, his sons Osman II who was the — first sultan to be murdered by his own people and the — bloody Mourad IV. Among the innumerable people whom the latter put to death was his brother Prince Ba'iezid, the hero of Racine's "Bajazet," who lies beside him.

These and others of the larger tombs are noticeable for the number of little catafalques they contain, marking the graves of little princes who were strangled on the accession of their eldest brother. The most interesting tombs, from an artistic point of view, are those of the period of Suleiman the Magnificent. But magnificent without doubt he was, and Stamboul would be another city if all trace of his magnifi- cence were to disappear.

His tiirbeh, behind the mosque he built in his own name, is perhaps the most imposing in Constantinople, though neither the largest nor the most splendidly decorated. A covered ambulatory sur- rounds it, and within are handsome tiles and stained- glasswindows. I prefer, however, the tomb of his famous consort. The legend of this lady has enjoyed outside of her own country a success that proves again the capriciousness of fame. For the great Kyossem was a more celebrated princess whose name has been for- gotten in Europe.

But it has yet to be proved that Roxe- lana really was the "fatal woman" of popular history, who instigated her stepson's murder. I suspect the truth of the matter was largely that she had a good press, as they say in French. I have been told that it is a corruption of a Persian name mean- ing red-cheeked; but I have privately wondered if it had anything to do with the Slavic tribe of Roxolani.

Be that as it may, this princess was a Russian slave of so great wit and charm that the Lord of the Two Earths and the Sovereign of All the Seas paid her the unprece- dented compliment of making her his legal wife. He even built for her, unhke any other sultan I remember, a tomb to herself. And Sinan subtly put into it a feminine grace that is set off by the neighbouring mau- soleum of her husband.

In the little vestibule are two panels of rose-red flowers that must have been lovely in their day. In consequence of some accident the tiles have been stupidly patched and mixed up.

I intend to submit a paper Technical equipment required I pay the fee MoneyGram I register Please send me information about available accomodations Please inform me about Excursion, Theatre, or Opera Of what he saw there he wrote as follows: "Buda with its blue chain of hills, Pest with its yellow plain, and the majestic Danube with its green isles were all sprawled out at our feet One hundred and fifty years have passed since the ousting of the Turk, and in this space of time, the city has risen from squalid ruins to become one of the great cities of Europe.

Pest owes its progress not to the good will of a benevolent ruler, but to its natural endowments and the en- ergy of its people It lies on the banks of a river that traverses half of Europe, and may expand unbounded in every direction.

All this leads one to anticipate a splendid future for Pest-Buda. The order-loving German appraised the city with satisfaction: "Pest was conceived in an orderly manner, the city plan was elaborated with proper circum- spection.

The main thoroughfares leading in every direction from the centre of the town are broad and straight. The streets are neither cen- tralized nor straight; consequently, the town has no core, and in its network of streets, one will find nothing that re- sembles order. The reason for this is the unfavourable soil and the fact that the roads are cut off by hills, preventing the population from building their houses in a rational manner.

Whether to its advantage or otherwise, Pest is comparable to other big cities lying on the plain. But Buda is unique, like Stockholm, Istanbul, or Rio, and this is due precisely to its "disorderliness". Pest may expand without constraint, but Buda is bound by the surrounding hill coun- try.

In the course of its development, Pest has smothered and devoured its environment, as most big cities do. But even today, Buda is inseparable from it, despite the fact that the "peaceful coexistence" between man and nature is being increasingly threatened. More and more houses are appear- ing on the formerly sparsely populated hillsides, and the ten- tacles of urbanization feel their way not only upward: they bore their way into the remotest hollows of the valleys.

Small plots of land are being congested by large houses, and even sometimes entire neighbourhoods; the gardens are shrinking, the woods receding into the distance. New roads are being built, public utilities, service accommodations es- tablished. Nevertheless, Buda continued to be characterized not so much by its wreath of hills as by the fragmentedness of its inner area. It has no rational geometrical scheme. The inner city hills - Rozsadomb, Naphegy, Varhegy Castle Hill , Gellert-hegy and Sashegy, - which boast perhaps the world's only big city nature conservation area, divide the body of the town into sections, thus giving the whole a diver- sified, exciting aspect.

The old sixteenth-century Italian say- ing according to which the world has three gems: Venice on the water, Florence on the plain, and Buda on the hill, in all probability still holds true, and so does the ironic saying of Hungarian architects, according to which the natural en- dowments of Buda are so beautiful that even they, the ar- chitects.

Please reply as soon as possible! Yours sincerely, Dr. JAIR also publishes a paper version, but I won't include the costs for that. In fact, I don't have a detailed breakdown of the costs for the paper version.

Currently, JAIR does not charge for electronic subscriptions. All our editorial help is provided on a volunteer basis, and our servers are maintained for free by various universities and research labs.

In other words, we are completely subsidized by the research community. I would argue that this is a completely reasonable arrangement. How do our subsized costs differ from traditional paper computer science journals? I've edited a paper journal in the past, so I can make some comparisons. BTW, I would note that in CS, editing a journal is considered "part of the job" for many researchers, and their employers regularly provide this subsidy. Computer scientists are relatively well-paid people as well, even in academia.

Maybe our field is unusual this way Initially, I think our lack of a professional production staff caused some minor problems, in that our articles were not as uniform as some paper journals. But, it seems to me that the increment cost of providing such subsidies is quite low for research institutions.

Don't know exact figures, unfortunately. In my dual roles as executive editor and "electronic publisher", I require about 8 hours of week of clerical help which is currently subsidized by my employer. It's more help than I required for the paper journal I used to edit, but not much more. The difference is due to the fact that my assistant and I have to handle some of the correspondence regarding submissions and publication that would have been handled by the jorunal's paid production staff.

Doesn't require much time, however, since all correspondence is done via email. There are many AI journals, but in in my humble opinion :- we are currently the second best journal in the field.

Actually, I'm serious about this -- I believe this is a fairly common perception. We are quickly compiling an excellent citation rate although not in all subareas of AI.

JAIR quick rise in prominence is primarily a result of the "value added" that we offer e. As you might expect, we had to overcome the "stigma" of being an ejournal, and that's something we are still battling. Having a large and prestigious set of editorial board members helps us significantly here. The story with respect to 2 is not as clear. As noted above, JAIR is effectively being subsidized by several institutions in the research community that provide us with space on their servers, etc.

Personally, I think this arrangment is very reasonable, and we are under no pressure to change our arrangements. However, we may move to a "user fee" subscription service in the future if we decide to provide additional services or our advisory board decides that alternate arrangments would be more stable. We'll know in a year or so, since that's when I'm planning on handing on the baton I personablly have little doubt JAIR will survive.

It's become too successful to die easily. We receive no money other than the subisidies mentioned above volunteer editing and servers. Harnad notes that "the breakdown of Psycoloquy's 15K subsidy from the American Psychological Association is easy: It all goes into paying Editorial Assistants and Copy Editors to 1 handle the refereeing correspondence, 2 copy edit and format accepted articles, and 3 maintain the listserv version.

It is wonderful for electronic journals. Fairly easy to format, as is SuperCard. It's nice to know some people still believe in these formats. There is greater potential for platform independence in this model. A card is essentially a piece of programming, an "object" in the parlance of modern programming. Some objects like cards may hold other objects like text, buttons, or grahics, etc.. If you are concerned about your data being readable in the indefinite future, it is best to use the SGML model.

As the volume of information on the Internet increases, good copyediting and design will be as important as ever--if not more so--in making the mountains of text understandable as well as easy on the eyes. God help us all if everything we have to read is copy edited and formatted to the standards of computer scientists.

The University provides Internet facilities for all faculty, students and staff. My contribution varies with the submission rate, but it amounts to a few hours a week some weeks, none other weeks.

As I said, though, the submission rate is not yet anywhere near comparable to that of the paper journal I edit, Behavioral and Brain Sciences and this, namely, a healthy, self-sustaining submission rate of manuscripts of sufficient quality -- nothing else -- represents the real threshold that e-only journals must reach in order to succeed. My guess is that even when Psycoloquy does attain that rate, the total cost won't be more than two or three times the present one to cover all expenses.

What about the implied costs of e-journals which the publisher has to maintain in digital form forever, as perhaps the only central location with a complete "copy" of the journal? Any thoughts about this archival value of a journal and the cost thereof to the electronic publisher?

AA casbah. Very long term preservation is a serious problem which we have to tackle, although I don't necessarily draw the same conclusion. Since we do not have publishers with guaranteed very long term viability, we must carry out preservation some other way. A systematic review of patients from the tertiary Danish Headache Centre revealed that patients had a mean age of In recent years more evidence from other centres has been provided and the positive outcome was confirmed, also in so called refractory patients.

Conclusion : Treatments strategies to the complicated headache patients need individualization but the present evidence provide hope for the patients and a strong support for a multidisciplinary approach in a tertiary headache centre.

The existing treatment strategies will be presented. Further discussion and evaluation of the elements and the outcome predictors are important for future planning. Migraine is a common debilitating brain disorder characterized by severe headache attacks with various associated neurological symptoms. About one-third of migraine patients experience an aura preceding the headache phase: hence migraine with and without aura. Many migraine patients also suffer from comorbid neurological disorders, such as epilepsy, depression and stroke.

Migraine is a genetic disease with both environmental and genetic factors determining the susceptibility to attacks. Recent technological advances in genetic analysis, which allowed simultaneous testing of hundreds of thousands of single nucleotide polymorphisms SNPs in tens of thousands of migraine patients in genome-wide association studies GWAS , made it feasible to identify robust gene variants for the common forms of migraine.

Whereas GWAS performed in various migraine subtypes yielded different top hits for the different subtypes, additional analyses seem to point to a shared genetic underpinning in migraine. Identified gene variants point towards various molecular pathways, e. GWAS data sets, to some extent, can also been used to identify the type of brain cell involved in pathology. GWAS also enable the identification of shared genetic factors for diseases comorbid with migraine.

Unlike gene mutations in monogenic migraine subtypes, the effect size of gene variants in common migraine is small, thus complicating direct translation to diagnostic tests, pathogenetic mechanisms, and treatment targets. In fact, strategies to properly address the biological role of these variants are still being developed. The coming years will show the true impact of these combined genetic approaches on the identification of genes, pathological mechanisms, and diagnosis of patients in migraine.

Research has devised various techniques for investigating nociceptive and non-nociceptive somatosensory pathways in patients with neuropathic pain. The most widely agreed tools in use today include neurophysiological techniques and skin biopsy. Laser Evoked Potentials LEPs are the easiest and most reliable neurophysiological technique for assessing nociceptive pathway function.

In diseases associated with nociceptive-pathway damage, LEPs can be absent, reduced in amplitude or delayed in latency. Skin biopsy is a reliable and minimally invasive tool for investigation of nociceptive fibres in human epidermis and dermis.

Researchers have used this technique for assessing epidermal nerve fibres qualitatively and quantitatively. Skin biopsy can be done at any site of the body, with a disposable punch, using a sterile technique, and under local anaesthesia.

Many investigators have used skin biopsy to investigate epidermal nerve fibres in various peripheral nerve diseases, such as diabetic neuropathy, infectious and inflammatory neuropathies and neuropathies associated with systemic diseases.

In all studies, epidermal nerve fibre density was significantly lower in patients with neuropathy than in controls. Patients suffering from chronic headaches challange health care systems. A proportion of chronic headache patients does not properly respond to prophylactic treatments or shows low tolerability profile and remains in need for alternative therapeutic strategies and options. The improved understanding of head pain pathophysiology has focused attention on the role of neural structures both at peripheral and central nervous system level.

Thus in the attempt to improve chronic intractable neurovascular headache migraine and cluster headache patients a number of neuromodulation procedures targeting peripheral and central nervous system structures have been tried. So far, efficacy and safety of various non-invasive and invasive stimulation procedures and devices have been investigated. Vagus nerve stimulation, supraorbital stimulation and single-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation are considered non invasive neurostimulation options.

While invasive procedures are occipital nerve stimulation, sphenopalatine ganglion stimulation and hypothalamic deep brain stimulation. Years after their introduction there is still debate about their use and place in clinical practice. Results from open label series and few controlled trials suggest the need of further investigations. Criteria employed to define intractable headaches were given more than ten years ago 1. An ad hoc European Headache Federation expert board has reviewed these aspects 2.

A still unsolved issue is the lack of adequate placebo to properly design randomized controlled trials in neurostimulation studies.

In patients with chronic pain conditions interpretation of placebo effect is a challange particularly for headache specialists. In chronic migraine and chronic cluster headache patients occurrence of psychiatric comorbidities is frequently encountered.

Also, occurrence of medication overuse headache — seen as an addiction behavior - is frequently observed both in chronic migraine and chronic cluster headache. These factors are often a barrier when selecting patients for neurostimulation procedures. Long term experience with deep brain stimulation of the posterior hypothalamic area in chronic cluster headache has suggested that the generator of the attacks is not there 3.

Similarly other neurostimulation procedures tried in migraine and cluster headache have shown poor, unsatisfactory ability to stop ongoing attacks. Towards a definition of intractable headache for use in clinical practice and trials. Cephalalgia ; — Neuromodulation of chronic headaches: position statement from the European Headache Federation. J Headache Pain. Success, failure and putative mechanisms in hypothalamic stimulation for drug resistant chronic cluster headache.

Pain ; 1 : An underlying concept in the new ICHD-3 classification of trigeminal neuralgia is the postulation that clinical presentations matter because they reflect distinct pathophysiological mechanisms.

Previous attempts to establish the connection between the two have yielded uncertain results as the authors have paid limited attention to individual clinical symptoms and signs. Yet, the relatively strict criteria for trigeminal neuralgia and its subgroups yield homogenous populations that allow advantage to be taken of the advances in neurophysiological and imaging methods. It is now possible to conduct subgroup-specific pathophysiological studies aimed at biomarkers that pave the way for precision diagnosis of TN and individualised therapy.

An example of how this might be done comes from recent studies based on sensory profiling of peripheral neuropathic pain. In a large group of patients with three different diagnoses, cluster analysis of detailed sensory testing revealed three main sensory phenotypes [1], with the potential to allocate individual patients to these sensory groups [2]. In my presentation I will suggest a pathway as to how to accomplish this.

I will start by arguing that the existing data are sufficient to recommend preferred treatment in selected cases. I will then highlight a number of clinically relevant research questions that can be answered by large-population multi-centre studies applying established methods ranging from QST and evoked potentials to structural and functional neuroimaging of the trigeminal system and linking them with clinical signs and symptoms.

Alongside this, I will discuss the challenges of phenotype profiling that could guide pharmacotherapy with, e. Peripheral neuropathic pain: a mechanism-related organizing principle based on sensory profiles.

Pain ; Stratifying patients with peripheral neuropathic pain based on sensory profiles: algorithm and sample size recommendations. Mild head injury is associated with good recovery in most patients, but with a small risk of poor outcomes. Headache is the most common complication that occurs as an isolated symptom or can be a part of the post-concussion syndrome which can also include dizziness, fatigue, reduced ability to concentrate, psychomotor slowing, mild memory problems, insomnia, anxiety, personality changes and irritability Following head injuries, children may develop headache for the first time or have their previously experienced headache getting worse in severity or frequency.

Post head injury headache is referred to as acute posttraumatic headache if it evolves within one week of the injury and resolves within 3 months and it is called chronic posttraumatic headache CPTH if it persisted for over 3 months. The pathophysiology of posttraumatic headache is not well understood, but likely to involve several mechanisms and factors. It is suggested that even minor head injury may cause a widespread stretching or shearing injuries to the axonal network.

Psychosocial factors may also play a role in the pathogenesis of CPTH. The clinical features of CPTH are similar to primary headache disorders phenotypes with the majority of children presenting with migraine-like headache and probable tension-type headache. Some children may have mixed or unclassified headache disorders.

In the majority of children no investigations are necessary. However, neuroimaging and other investigations may be necessary in children with red flags or abnormal findings on neurological examination. The management of children with CPTH should include reassurances, adequate pain relief and preventative treatment as appropriate. Multidisciplinary approach is necessary and should include support from clinical psychology and education to help the child achieve normal school attendance and education.

The interaction between enzyme inductive antiepileptics EiAED like carbamazepine, phenytoin, primidone, phenobarbitone, rufinamide, lamotrigine, topiramate and COCs is well-known. Therefore, while taking this medication, the risk of contraceptive failure is quite high.

The mechanism of action of enzyme-inductors is to modify the metabolism of the sexual steroids in the liver. Moreover, ethinylestradiol EE might modify the metabolism of certain antiepileptic drugs glucuronization of lamotrigine.

Therefore, the gynaecologist has to be careful when prescribing the pill or administering other types of hormonal contraceptives for WWE. Knowing the interaction between antiepileptics and contraceptives is important to find the most effective medication with fewer side effects.

Nowadays, women with epilepsy do not always get the right information; thus, it is necessary to improve the cooperation and consultation between the epileptologist and the gynaecologist. The information is also needed even if the patient is sexually inactive. Migraine is a complex neuronal disorder where the cortex has a key importance and characteristic headache attack is associated with multiple sensorial disturbances. A cerebral cortical phenomenon known as cortical spreading depression CSD was linked to lateralized headache.

CSD is an intrinsic brain phenomenon to a noxious stimulus such as high potassium or trauma, and manifests as an extreme excitability state of the gray matter with massive depolarization of neuronal and glial membranes and redistribution of ions.

Propagating depolarization in the brain parenchyma leads to a release of various vasoactive and nociceptive ions and molecules. Vascular compartment reacts with initial hyperemia followed by long-term oligemia.

It occurs in many species from rodents to primates, though it is hard to initiate and sustain its propagation in gyrencephalic brains. Spreading depression wave involves neuronal, glial and vascular cells, and leads remarkable effects on those compartments and overlying meningeal membranes with capability of triggering peripheral trigeminal fibers and second order trigeminal neurons in the brainstem nucleus, though its effect on subcortical structures are less known.

CSD is implicated in the development of inflammatory response and releasing CGRP and nitric oxide from trigeminal nerve endings. Animal studies investigating the mechanisms of migraine and CSD are usually conducted under anesthesia, despite the fact that pain is a conscious experience. Anesthesia have profound effects on the mechanisms by which CSD is initiated and propagated, and clearly prevents observation of any associated behavioral response.

Therefore CSD studies in awake animals are crucial for translational migraine research. Cerebral cortex and thalamus are inseparable in sensory processing and thalamic reticular nucleus TRN is the gatekeeper of sensory outflow to the cortex. Electrocorticographic recordings demonstrated the direct propagation of CSD waves in to thalamic reticular nucleus.

It was dependent on full conscious experience and highly vulnerable to anesthetics. MK did not exert any effect on CSD induced amygdala activation and anxiety behavior. TRN is also involved in discrimination of sensory stimulus and transient disruption of sensorial perception during migraine headache attacks was reported Boran et al, Involvement of a strategic subcortical thalamic structure by a cortical event is important to explain several clinical features of migraine such as 1 Dysfunction of the GABAergic neurons in TRN would result in enhanced transmission of sensory information to the cortex and disruption of sensory discrimination 2 Photophobia and visual hallucinations of aura may reflect dysregulation of visual stimuli by the TRN, 3 TRN could play a role in either termination or initiation of an attack as sleep is closely related with migraine, attacks are often associated with the circadian cycle and are typically relieved by sleep, 4 Thalamo-cortical gating could be a novel target in migraine as valproate, triptans and CGRP antagonists MK suppressed CSD induced TRN activation.

Common misdiagnoses for TN include dental pathology, other regional neuralgias, short-lasting neuralgiform headaches with autonomic signs SUNHA , cluster headache and theoretically an atypical shorter cluster-tic syndrome CTS. More rarely there may be more sinister underlying disorders tumors, multiple sclerosis that induce TN-like syndromes.

We will outline and highlight the salient features across disorders that will ensure correct diagnosis. Trigeminal neuralgia TN is a neurological disease which is peculiar under several respects.

The diagnosis of TN, in its typical presentation, in unmistakable on clinical grounds alone. Pain manifests with intense bursts that occur and end abruptly and usually last few seconds only.

This type of pain is paradigmatic of what pain scholars call paroxysmal pain. The most common verbal descriptors are electric-shock like or stabbing. Unique to TN is the trigger mechanism. The attacks are evoked by innocuous stimuli in tiny zones of the extra- or intraoral trigeminal territories. The most frequent trigger maneuvers include activities of the daily life such as washing, cleaning, brushing the teeth or talking.

Although the trigger zones shared by most patients are confined between the nostril and the lateral perioral region, any area innervated by the trigeminal nerve may do. One aspect of pathophysiology is supported by established neurophysiologic, neuroimaging, and histologic evidence: the primary mechanism is focal demyelination of primary afferents near the entry extra- or intra-axial of the trigeminal root into the pons.

A second pathophysiologic theory, admittedly more debatable, is that hyperexcitable primary afferents, in the area of focal demyelination, become a source of ectopic generation of impulses and ephaptic transmission cross talk from close, healthy nerve fibers.

More supported by evidence from animal models is the generation of high-frequency discharges. A third potential step, with so far almost no sound evidence at all, is that the hyperactivity of primary afferents secondarily induces central sensitization of wide dynamic range neurons in the spinal trigeminal nucleus or even more central changes.

Finally, TN is unique also for its pharmacological and surgical treatment. TN is highly sensitive to voltage-gated, frequency-dependent sodium-channels blockers and almost nothing else , and is the neuropathic pain condition that respond best to surgical lesions of the postganglionic primary sensory afferents.

The speaker will present an overview of the methodological potentials and challenges of the HUNT survey. Results will be displayed regarding prevalences of the common headache disorders and their trends over time.

Most importantly, the HUNT-survey enables risk factor analyses. Findings will be reviewed for factors of life such as physical activity, substance use, head traumas, insomnia, and mortality. Finally, associations between intracranial abnormalities and headache disorders are now beginning to be published from a neuroimaging sub-study HUNT MRI.

SD is widely accepted as the pathophysiological event underlying migraine aura, and may play a role in headache pathogenesis in secondary headache disorders such as ischemic stroke, subarachnoid or intracerebral hemorrhage, traumatic brain injury, and epilepsy.

Here, we provide an overview of the pathogenic mechanisms and propose plausible hypotheses on the involvement of SD in primary and secondary headache disorders. SD can activate downstream trigeminovascular nociceptive pathways to explain the cephalgia in migraine, and possibly in secondary headache disorders as well. In healthy, well-nourished tissue such as migraine , the intense transmembrane ionic shifts, the cell swelling, and the metabolic and hemodynamic responses associated with SD do not cause tissue injury; however, when SD occurs in metabolically compromised tissue e.

Recent non-invasive technologies to detect SDs in human brain injury may aid in the investigation of SD in headache disorders in which invasive recordings are not possible. SD explains migraine aura and progression of neurological deficits associated with other neurological disorders.

Studying the nature of SD in headache disorders might provide pathophysiological insights for disease and lead to targeted therapies in the era of precision medicine. The proportion of adult patients reporting non-traumatic headache as their major complaint at ER access ranges from 0.

The main objective is to identify the patients who require urgent investigations besause of a suspected serious secondary cause. The crucial step in the diagnosis is the initial interview. Most patients presenting with headache as the chief complaint have a primary headache disorder, such as migraine or tension-type headache, the diagnosis of which relies on strict diagnostic criteria in the absence of any objective marker. Secondary headache disorders manifest as new-onset headaches that arise in close temporal association with the underlying cause.

Secondary headache should be suspected in any patient without a history of primary headache who reports a new onset headache and in any patient with a new unusual headache that is clearly distinct from their usual primary headache attacks.

Since many serious disorders, such as subarachnoid haemorrhage, can present with isolated headache and a normal clinical examination, diagnosis is reliant on clinical investigation. Subarachnoid hemorrhage should be suspected in anyone with a sudden or a thunderclap headache.

Diagnosis is based on plain brain computed tomography and, if tomogram is normal, on lumbar puncture. Reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome should be suspected in anyone with recurrent thunderclap headaches over a few days.

Cervical artery dissection, cerebral venous thrombosis, reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome and pituitary apoplexy may present with isolated headache and normal physical examination, normal cerebral computed tomography and normal cerebrospinal fluid. When computed tomography and lumbar puncture are normal, other investigations are needed, including cervical and cerebral vascular imaging and brain magnetic resonance imaging. Treatment of headaches in the ER should be based on the etiology.

The treatment of secondary headaches requires the treatment of the underlying cause and a symptomatic treatment based on intravenous acetaminophen or on opiates depending on the pain intensity. In women migraine prevalence peaks during reproductive years. Menstruation is a significant risk factor for migraine with attacks most likely to occur between 2 days before the onset of menstruation and the first three days of bleeding.

The pathophysiology of menstrual attacks involves estrogen withdrawal and potentially abnormal release of prostaglandins triggered by the end-cycle drop in estrogen level. Reproductive year are the life span during which many women require effective contraception.

Migraine with aura MA and to a lesser extent migraine without aura MO increase the risk for cardiovascular events, especially for stroke.

There is a substantial elevation of these risks in migraineurs using combined contraceptive pills COC. Several clinical trials report improvements in migraine frequency and intensity in users of the progestin-only pill POP with desogestrel 75microgram.

Both, inhibition of ovulation and ist continous use contribute to reduce hormone flucutations during ist use. The positive impact of this pill has been shown in MA and MO patients. In women with chronic migraine, the reduction in pain medications used contributes to prevent medication overuse headaches. The existing nosology of cranial-nerve pains does not fully portray the subtle differences between various conditions. However, rather than abandoning many long-established diagnostic terms, this classification retains them, providing detailed definitions for differential diagnoses and their types, subtypes and subforms.

There are several axes of classification: a syndomology neuralgia vs. The authors of the classification tried to incorporate the existing literature into the IHS classification system. The current version defines the trigeminal neuralgia and trigeminal neuropathy. Trigeminal neuralgia is subdivided into classical due to nerve-vascular compression, not purely a nerve vascular contact , idiopathic unknown cause or nerve vascular contact, because the value of a nerve vascualr contact is unclear and secondary due to other disease.

Base don the clinical presentation it is further characterised as TN with and without concomitant facial pain indicating pure response to treatment. The cut-line for distinguishing between an acute and persistent headache is defined to be 3 months: resolution of headache within this period complies with an acute, persistence for the longer time — with a persistent headache.

Headache attributed to the injury to the head is further subclassified based on the severity of preceding trauma. Probably one of the most debated diagnostic criterions of this chapter is the time of onset of headache after a traumatic event. For the main classification it is agreed that causative relation between trauma and development of headache should be within 7 days after the trauma. However based on a data derived from reports of everyday clinical practice alternative criteria published under the Appendix allow the delayed onset of headache, reaching up to 30 days following the injury.

Clinical phenotypes of post-traumatic headache are varying from mild tension-type-like to severe migrainous. Pathophysiological mechanisms of post-traumatic headaches remain largely unclear as a reason to the epidemiological data suggesting, that mild injury to the head represents a greater risk of developing persistent headache.

The latter one causes a considerable reduction of health related quality of life and frequently is challenging in terms of treatment, requiring pharmacological preventative medications and non-pharmacological cognitive behavioural treatment, physical therapy, counselling etc approaches. For treatment resistant cases interventional procedures, usage of onabotulinum toxin A and neurostimulation have been reported to be potentially effective. To determine persistence of and transitions between episodic migraine EM and chronic migraine CM and to describe and model the natural variability of self-reported frequency of headache days.

Relatively little is known about the stability of headache days per month in persons with EM or CM over time. Within person variability in headache day frequency has implications for the diagnosis of CM, assessing treatment in clinical practice and for the design and interpretation of clinical trials. We modelled longitudinal transitions between EM and CM and, separately, headache day frequency per month using negative binomial repeated measures regression models NBRMR.

Among the 5, respondents with EM at baseline providing 4 or 5 waves of data, 5, Among respondents with CM at baseline providing 4 or 5 waves of data, had CM in every wave Individual plots revealed striking within-person variations in headache days per month.

Follow-up at 3 month intervals reveals a high level of short-term variability in headache days per month. Nearly three forths of persons with CM at baseline drop below this diagnostic boundary at least once over the course of a year.

These findings my influence case definitions of migraine subtypes, the design and interpretation of epidemiologic studies and clinical trials as well as the interpretation of change in headache days in clinical practice. Impairment of brain solute clearance through the recently described glymphatic system has been linked with traumatic brain injury, sleep deprivation, and aging.

This lecture will summarize new data showing that cortical spreading depression CSD , the neural correlate of migraine aura, closes the paravascular space and impairs glymphatic flow. This closure holds the potential to define a novel mechanism for regulation of glymphatic flow. It also implicates the glymphatic system in altered cortical and endothelial functioning of the migraine brain, which can explain the increased risk of stroke among migraine aura patients.

Many patients report that their need to avoid light is driven mainly by how unpleasant it makes them feel. This lecture will attempt to explain why is light unpleasant. The data presented will show that during migraine, light can trigger the perception of a hypothalamic-mediated autonomic responses such as chest tightness, throat tightness, shortness of breath, fast breathing, faster than usual heart rate, light-headedness, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, dry mouth, salivation, rhinorrhea, stuffy sinuses and lacrimation; b hypothalamic mediated non-autonomic responses such as thirst, hunger drowsiness, tiredness, sleepiness, fatigue, and yawning; c negative emotions such as intense, irritable, angry, nervous, hopeless, needy, agitated, sad, scared, cranky, upset, depressed, disappointed, jittery, worried, stressed, anxious, panic and fear; and d positive emotions such as happy, relaxing, soothing, and calming.

By defining better the aversive nature of light, the findings suggest that the retina and hypothalamus play a critical role in migraine-type photophobia and that photophobia may not depend on hyperexcitable visual cortex, as traditionally thought. Bue when? Let me talk, and talk without looking at anyone's face, without fear or hesitation; uneducated young men, horses without a bridle, blind people without guidance, sheep wondering lost; elderly people who grew old in sin rather than in age; impious priests who surpass the laymen in scandal; undisciplined laymen who have no fear of God; vain women who only bear the name of the Faith but do not commit any f1lithful acts; God sent to you priests who read to you everyday the Gospel, teachers who educate you from the pulpit, spiritual fathers who explain things to you during confession.

They all call you to repentance, criticize your sins, scare you with judgment and hell; but you ignore their words, make fun of their advice like You were hardened in sin and you adapted in evil; and, thus, I tell you on His behalf, that if you live with sin, you will die with sin; "Kw EV i. What kind of cOilfession [will you have] with a tongue numbed by the illness? And what kind of sorrow will you teel by a heart mended by so rnany pains? You think that you will have then the power to break the chain of a long habit'?

You think that then, in one moment, you will correct the mistakes of an entire life? But let us say that you will have your sanity to be able to repent, and you do acts of charity, paraclesis and prayer interventions to appease God; but does God accept such repentance, then?

What makes you certain? Even after the many times that He has been ignored and still has finally yielded to Sedekios and many others' Those who lived a bad life and died a Those who lived a bad life and died a bad death are innumerable.

And as the example of the few [who lived a bad life but died a good death] gives you hope, why does the example of the many not cause fear to you? Hence, if now that you are still able to repent, you do not want to repent, there may come a time when you will want to repent, but will not be able to do so.

This is what I wanted to prove to you; I proved it, and now I will rest. When the wound is old, it does not need light medication, but rather it needs fire and iron; and in our case, we do not need complementing and sweet words, but rather [we need] bitter and scary [words]; this is very true.

We do not repent, because we think that we always have time to repent, but we are deceived; because, in order to repent as we should, we are lacking the Will, which can no longer rid the habit, and also the Grace of God, that can no longer bear the sins. Devil invented this skill ofleading people to death with the hope of repentance. Hades is full of souls that hope to reach paradise; ah!

This is the time, [and] this is the way; the time is now, that we climb toward Jerusalem, now that the holy days are here, now that the holy Sacrifice is near, fertile time, time to repent. Among the bonds of sin that bind the conscience, three are the most important. The bond of resentment, the bond of avarice and the bond of the flesh.

Do you want me to show you how to unbind yourselves from them':' [If yes], then listen. When Alexander the Great took his army to conquer Asia, he arrived at the Temple of Zeus, and there he saw a famous knot.

What a small thing to untie a knot! What a great profit to conquer a kingdom! The ambitious King Alexander the Great was immediately challenged by the desire; he looked at the Knot and saw neither end nor beginning. The ends were hidden, bound tightly, entangled one inside the other, and appeared impossible to untie. He turned it around again and again and he tried hard with his hands, but could not untie it.

The knots of sin are many more, Christian, and it is God's true oracle that he who unties the knots of sin will inherit the kingdom of Heaven; what a small effort, but what a great profit! When you can not untie them with your thoughts, or, "punishment. I will not be forgiven; that is how you cut the bonds Now, let us go to the bond avarice h '" Hov.

Christian, while you think about these things. J love my children, but. Chrysostom That is how the Knot is untied. Let us come now to the third knot, which is the carnal desires: ' And what a tight knot' Here there really is neither a beginning nor an end; to abandon either the harlot or that woman that you maintain. Was it her beauty or her skill that deceived you.

But, thank God. God has abandoned him, and I do not talk with him, because those would be wasted words. I converse with you, who keep your conscience awake, have fear of God, have shame of people. Muhammad the Second. He saw her, fell in love with her. Nobody liked the fact that the king. He learned about the criticism by his people, stopped, thought for a while. Love fought with glory. On one han. I will never untie that knot. Church is disgusted v. I come io leU! I or, "p. I David, what did you decide" Three great curses, hunger.

Three years of hunger. I fall in the arms of men' I do not know what to say. I also decided , says. Yes, [they do]: but they both make [the] right decision, EW 1 xvva says that she would prefer to fall in the hands of men, rather than in or.

When does she say that? Before she commits sin. So, then, it is a thousand times better for one to fall in the hands of men, before they commit sin, while they are still faultless and pure, that is to say to be slandered against, [and] to be lapidated [to death], rather than, after committing sin, to fall in the hands of God, that is to say to insult Him, to outrage Him. Is it not a terrible thing for a human being, without committing sin, to fall into the hands of human beings, who, after all, have no power other than to kill the body, but not the soul?

C; VJiwv iT a. Jiapn:iv f:vwmov Kvpiov. After he committed sin. So, then, when one has committed a sin, it is better for them to fall in the hands of God, Who is of course compassionate, where with a "HW1fJTOV,,, He is pacified, [and] liSam 4 English translation: "Do not fear those who kill the body, because they can. Have fear, like Sosanna, of the judgment of God and His punishment and be pleased, rather than committing sin, it is better to endanger your life; but, after you commit sin, have hope, like David did, to the great merclO J of God, and you will be forgiven.

David was forgiven after committing adultery and murder; Manassis was forgiven after committing idolatry, the publican was forgiven after committing sin; the harlot was forgiven from her impurities; a thief was forgiven after committing many sins, and [even the same people that crucified Christ would have been [also] forgiven, if they only wished to repent.

The other [one], Judas, was not forgiven, hanged his miserable body from a branch, and submitted his soul to eternal Hell. But, why did Peter receive so much grace and Judas appears to be so unworthy? What did this miserable man have to do, but did not do? Should he have confessed his mistake? He confessed and openly said that he erred, "HllapioV napa1Jmi s aillo. This is what you ought to do. This is the way it is done, and whoever says the opposite is excluded from the Church, and he is a modernist [Try to] think of two things, please.

Or, [should they not buy] a house to generate [some] profit? Instead of a piece of land for the burial of foreigners, that produces neither fruit nor profits, since it can neither be cultivated, nor rented. It is a mystery! It becomes [instead] a miserable place, and does ' os or, "errors Ka:muaov, se, Judas was punished both physically and spiritually; and how did the miserable die? He stood inside Kaifas' yard, and kept himself warm; he denied [Christ] three times! IWV,,,nl He gave him the highest Apostolic authority and honor.

Such a confession may be external, and like that of Judas, totally vain and futile. As I have explained, confession is based on this: to do what Peter did.

And come out not just with your body, but also with your mind and your soul; "E: dBwv i: w. That means English translation: "Feed my sheep, take care of my flock. If you have an enmity with someone, forgive him from the bottom of your heart: if you have something that does not belong to you.

Moreover, accuse yourself; abolish your tirst sins and decide never to commit them again. With such disposition and preparation go to the spiritual father to confess.

Both, Adam and were led fiom Paradise taking with them the 'divine curse' So, a Christian man or woman go to confession, [and are] questioned be the spiritual father Adam.

It is a sharne a scandal to discuss what we hear today during confession. What is your pretense, Christian? But listen and beware In the old times, v.. Potamios, the inner voice would tell hint from one side, what do HI- Psalm j,a. And from the other side, the contrition would ask him: what are you still waiting for to do what you decided to do? Remember that you are a bishop and you will give to people a great scandal. Remember that you are a bishop and that you and you ought to give people a great example.

Potamios, think, and do not waist time. Distress won, and shame fell aside; and Potamios stood-up fi'om his throne and said together with David, in the middle of the Synod and in front of everybody, he openly confessed his sin: "T11v And times, you saw this example. No, brother; do not be ashamed to courageously confess your sins, without [any] excuses; say that no one other than -your own bad choice was the cause of. A sin that is confessed is not a sin anymore "G..

E: KiJpw; T'll' u. Good eye [on the other hand] means to be discerning, distinguishing persons; the rich should get canons such as charity, the poor [should get canons] with bows, the strong [should get canons] with fasting, the weak [should get canons] with prayer.

Thus, first, I repeat, you ought to exercise the canon that the father confessor gave to you; second, you ought to correct you life: otherwise, what you did was nCJt confession, but rather waist of words, says Basil the Great: " hal' Til:; EC:0llo.

Because, jf you do not forgive, you can not be forgiven; this is Christ's decision; "f. Themistocles and Aristides, the Athenians, hated and disagreed with each other; the country honored them as ambassadors for a necessary issue, so they had to agree [amongst themselves].

Then Aristides said to Themistocles: do you want to leave our English translation: "a silenced sin is a feslering illness in the soul. The same is what two Christians, who disagree on everything and hate each other greatly, do, when the time comes for them to confess, they leave the enmity [behind]. But where? At the doorstep of the church; They receive communion together, forgiving each other, and again, when they exit from the church, they pick up their enmity exactly where they left, and they are enemies again, like before.

Do you think that this was confession? Another [example]; say that you have a friendship and love for some people; leave her forever, deny her forever; because you can not have the same love for the prostitute and for God. A philosopher went once on a boat- trip, but he encountered a terTible stonn and was in danger of drowning; strangely enough, he survived; he returned to his home; and because he could see the sea from one of the windows [of his house], he build a wall there, so that, by [not] seeing through it, he would not be tempted to travel again.

Oh, Christian! How many times have you been in danger of loosing your life and your soul to that bitter love, and you were saved? Avoid temptation, do not cross that road again, do not go through that door again, do not look through that window again, shut your eyes tight, so that the snake can never again cross into your heart. Otherwise, what you did was not confession, but rather, it was waste of words. The other; you have in your hands something that does not belong to you?

Did you do wrong against someone? No' The knot of injustice can not be undone. A married man passed away; God wished to perform a miracle, and he brought him back to life: his wife still wants him as husband, but he does not want her [as wife], and they both come under the Church's judgement.

Leaders of the Church, Spiritual Fathers, you who govern the souls of people, what do you think? What do you decide? Is that man obligated to take his first wife back, or is he free [to do as he wishesp The theologians believe that he is a free man; his duty was to have her [as his lawfully wedded wife]. He came back to life; but this is another life; this is as if he was born again from his mother's womb; and when one is born, he is born free.

Another man died who took something that belonged to a poor man. God decided to perform a miracle again and brought him back to life, also. The poor man comes [to him] and asks for his [missing] thing; the other one refuses to give it back: they come to a crisis And I ask [you] again, is that unfair man obligated to return the stolen item, or not? The same theologians say that yes ' he is obligated to return the stolen item], because this is an obligation of the soul, that remains as long as the soul lives; the soul is immortal, thus the duty is eternal; it is his obligation to return the stolen items, both, during his lifetime and after his death and until the time of the Future Judgment.

Did he die? He is still obligated. Was he resurrected? He has [still the] obligation [to return the stolen items]. Even if he dies and returns to life a thousand times, this is always an indispensable obligation.

He appointed as His trustee the father confessor. But if the Ten Commandments are God's Word and can not be discredited. First, before you go to the spiritual father, examine your consciousness; second, when you arc with the spiritual father, confess without shame or pretense; and third, when you leave from the spiritual father, correct yourself, practice your canon, forgive your enemy, leave yt,ur evil lusts, pay for your injustices, and [only] then you arc truly and completely forgiven, and [only] then does the speechless and deaf spirit go away.

Holy Sprit, please help us all with your divine grace. I reply to you [as follm'vs 1 A man of good manners asked Oioi.! Whether young or old, one should confess right av.

As long as they are certain that they can live. But what kind of certainty can one have for a life that is constantly exposed to danger? If 1 repent, God promised me forgiveness: but God did not promise me [that I will have] tomorrow to repent. God, moreover. When does one have to confess' The soonest pmsible time! I expect one think to happen, but something else happens. Allow me to finish this homily with a myth. There was a deer that was blind from one eye: one day. So, then, I should have the healthy eye toward the land.

I fear that the wound will come from one side. With whaf 'With contlssion. As soon as possible. He said 10 paraly1ic Son. Fellmv Christians. Think of how it seems to [your] benefactor and Father God. And you agree with these people. God looks at you and says, "Kat.. God in front of His own eves. Does it not. Having been sold by his brothers, and having been bought by some Israelite English translation: "Leaders of the nations gathered land spoke I against the Lord.

His Son. He said [to her] ] was a slave and yom husband, rny master. So, then, what do you decide? Let her be angry with me, falsdy accuse me, put me in jail, condemn me to death, and I can still bear all that.

But how can 1 bear insulting my God? It seems absolutely impossible. It is impossible to willfully hate God, Who is worthy of infinite love, and to willfully be hated by God. It is this ultimate evil that I would like to. Theology teaches us that God can not partake in sorrow,78S since His nature is perfect happiness; but if God could feel sorrow, the sorrow that one human sin would cause to Him would be greater than the happiness that the virtues of all the saints together could bring Him; all the self-control of so many holy men, leading ascetic lives; all the blood of so many courageous martyrs; and is this not a infinite evi I that could, by itself, cause to the One Who is happy by nature, infinite sorrow?

But if God can not feel sorrow like a human, then, why was He saying, in KO' Ma-rO. Again, the insult toward the Divine Grace is also an infinite eviL What does man lose by losing the grace of God? There are neither enough words to explain, nor enough tears to cry for it. The soul is everything to a human being, and the grace of God is everything to the soul.

Whatever sunlight means to my eyes, that is what God's grace is to the soul. By God's Grace the soul becomes brightened, holy and deified. Kat 0 pGv rar:; awpailKit. U f:u wr:;, 0 f: rar:; WJf:Pa. JrGpyru :rw. But plague does not cause as much disaster, and lightning does not cause as much destruction, as sin causes to the soul when it is stripped of the Divine Grace. English translation: "What sun is to the senses. And the one completes the bodily figures with the sun.

Who was Lucifer when he had God's Grace? How did he look when he lost the Divine Grace? A live image and likeness of God; a king of all the creation under the moon, who enjoyed and lived a sweet and immortal life? What happened to him when he lost the Divine Grace?

He became death's slave, heir to the curse and a mindless animal. But what happens when a soul looses the grace of God?

Is it possible for man to willingly cause such damage? Caesar Augustus had, among others, a friend named Romeo, whom he trusted once with a secret. Caesar found out, called his friend, and criticized him that he was not loyal. He [also] told him that he was unworthy of his grace and his friendship. And they felt so much sorrow because they lost Caesar's friendship. We, however, feel so little sorrow when we lose the grace of God. For a man to loose Caesar's friendship, a human king, is a lot.

But to loose God's friendship, which means to loose the earth and the sky, one looses the eternal glory, one looses God eternally, one looses everything. And this is the ultimate evil, since that Grace is the lW3 ultimate Good. But beyond this, is there another evil. And what is that? Christians, if God for one sin wants you to stay in jail for one hundred years, be patient, one hundred years pass [quickly]. This is such a horrible thing that, even if we [simply] consider it, the world should disappear from our eyes and we should escape to the desert and cry [there] for the rest of our lives.

I K;or, "slaughtered "! Now, while a sinner does not repent, do you know where he is? And when there is thunder and lightning in the sky not to menion anything else A philosopher did not want to ever travel, believing that the life of a sailor is not further than three fingers llOll from death, [or] as far as the thickness of the shi p' s wood.

And how far from eternal Hell is the soul of an unrepentant sinner? And how can it be healed? With one HJ. It is a dogma of [our] Faith; for the authority that Jesus Christ gave to all the priests of.. And is there any cure easier than that? Urnes " fiver Jordan81". Are the rivers of Damascus not much better? Then, his slaves told him: Lord, if the prophet had asked you to do something great in order to be cleansed, such as to give your fortune away, to go to the end of the Mk 81, or, "healing " or, "passion " HI.

English translation: "Are the rivers of Damascus, Arvana and Farfa, not good. He ordered the easier and quicker wav He tells you, not to lead an ascetic life or 10 die in martyrdom, [but rather] go to the priests. Oh, what a miracle! I: ' v f:1T:luf:lr;trrat. And is there another healing easier than this forgiveness? Christian, if God asked you to do any other difficult thing in order to forgive you, would you not do it?

And He tells you to do a thing so easy and you do not do it: "El ptya. Part B Today's [Gospel] story of the paralytic man led me to think about something that happens in our times, almost everyday. One day Jesus Christ went to the city of Capernaum, entered a house [there] and began teaching. The people heard that He was English translation: "I forgive you. And who would not go? But what I thought was that this paralyzed man had two illnesses: one was sin of the soul, and the other was paralysis of the body.

Christ cured both illnesses; first, [He cured him] from the passion of the soul; "Son, your sins are forgiven. The original text had a semi-colon at the end of this quotation. It is bla,"lphemy! The sick man is no saint; he is a human being made of flesh and living in the world: who knows how many and what kind of sins he has in his soul?

Thus, he is both, a sick and sinful man. But whoever recommends calling a spiritual father to heal the sick man from his sins, they think that he is committing blasphemy: "ijfhy does this fellow :. It is blmphemy! But we do the opposite And what happens' We wait for the last minute, when evil is [at its] worse: when the sick person does not have healthy senses or mind; when he neither acknowledges nor understands.

And then, what kind of confession, [or1what kind of correction, can the unfortunate human being make'? And I wished it were not true that most Christians die unrepentant, because when we tell them in the beginning to call a Spiritual Father, they think that we commit blasphemy. J ask you, does the soul not deserve to be more preferable than the body? What a silly painter l He should have started from the head in order to do a complete painting.

This is what I want to say: we should start the healing from the soul, that is the most important, and then take care of the body. First, let the spiritual father come to forgive the sin; "Son, your sins are jorgiven. I command you, come 01l! The mystical meaning of the Gospel story is easy [to understandl. When it possess him from childhood and possess him tor a long time. During confession we should keep two things in mind; first, [to confess] without shame, and second [to confess] without excuses, namely, to be different than who we seem to be, by hiding the shortcomings of the soul.

We should feel embarrassed when we sin, and not [only] when we confess [our sins] to God, Whose trustee is the spiritual father, who has a mouth but does not speak, and has ears to listen [to confessions]. Walking through a street in Athens, Socrates saw one of his studems coming out of a harlot's house; the young man was embarrassed by the teacher's presence and he retreated inside [the house] to hide; Socrates told him then, Oh, young man, it is not a shame to come out of such a house, [but] it is a shame to remain inside such a house.

Oh, Christian, I say to you, it is not a shame to come out, meaning, to reveal your sin, during confession, [bilt] it is a shame to stay inside, meaning to hide from your spiritual SSt or. Basil the Great [said], "Kwda fT! Wnll h:imx wcJoor; bnovA. X [added], "lu:pi 7. Eml yap , laxIWy! KW xaplr;. One of these women who was made by God to be the temporary punishment of sinful men , invited her husband to appear in front of King I'po.

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  And this is the reason why it is so easy to sin and so difficult to repent. TJC;, p. These studies all had methodological short-comings to a greater or lesser extent. Many Hellenic families that could afford educating Oleir children would have to sent them to the various metroplitan areas of thc Venetian Stale, where Ole best academic institutions were located. But the old man spent time watching the work. What is the importance of the digital library? After the rout of the Turks by John Sobiesky, a vast quantity of the fragrant brown drug was found among the besiegers' stores. Finally, associations between intracranial abnormalities and headache disorders are now beginning to be published from a neuroimaging sub-study HUNT MRI. On the wired shelves of this structure big books are piled on their sides, and their titles and numbers are written on the edges of the leaves.❿     ❿